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Immunobiology of the Classical Lancefield Group A Streptococcal Carbohydrate Antigen
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a preeminent human bacterial pathogen inflicting a whole bunch of hundreds of thousands of infections every year worldwide. Within the medical setting, the bacterium is well recognized by a speedy antigen take a look at in opposition to the group A carbohydrate (GAC), a polysaccharide that contains 30-50% of the GAS cell wall by weight. Initially described by Rebecca Lancefield within the 1930s, GAC consists of a polyrhamnose spine and a N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) facet chain. This facet chain, the species-defining immunodominant antigen, is doubtlessly implicated in auto-reactive immune responses in opposition to human coronary heart or mind tissue in post-streptococcal rheumatic fever or rheumatic coronary heart illness.
The current discovery of the genetic locus encoding GAC biosynthesis and new insights into its chemical construction have supplied novel insights into the meeting of the polysaccharide, its contribution to immune evasion and virulence, and concepts for safely harnessing its pure immunogenicity in vaccine design. This evaluate serves to summarize the rising new literature on GAC, the eponymous cell properly antigen that gives structural integrity to GAS and instantly interfaces with host innate and adaptive immune responses.
COVID-19 Immunobiology: Classes Discovered, New Questions Come up
There may be sturdy proof that COVID-19 pathophysiology is principally pushed by a spatiotemporal immune deregulation. Each its phenotypic heterogeneity, spanning from asymptomatic to extreme illness/demise, and its related mortality, are dictated by and linked to maladaptive innate and adaptive immune responses in opposition to SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic issue of the illness. Deregulated interferon and cytokine responses, with the contribution of immune and mobile stress-response mediators (like mobile senescence or uncontrolled inflammatory cell demise), lead to innate and adaptive immune system malfunction, endothelial activation and irritation (endothelitis), in addition to immunothrombosis (with enhanced platelet activation, NET manufacturing/launch and complement hyper-activation).
All these elements play key roles within the growth of extreme COVID-19. Apparently, one other consequence of this immune deregulation, is the manufacturing of autoantibodies and the following growth of autoimmune phenomena noticed in some COVID-19 sufferers with extreme illness.
These new facets of the illness which are now rising (like autoimmunity and mobile senescence), might provide us new alternatives within the subject of illness prevention and therapy. Concurrently, classes already realized from the immunobiology of COVID-19 might provide new insights, not just for this illness, but in addition for a wide range of power inflammatory responses noticed in autoimmune and (auto)inflammatory illnesses.
Immunobiology of Melanoma
Regardless of the flexibility of immune-based interventions to dramatically enhance the survival of sufferers with melanoma, a big subset fail to profit from this therapy, underscoring the necessity for correct means to establish the affected person inhabitants doubtless to answer immunotherapy. Understanding how melanoma evades pure or manipulated immune responses might present the knowledge wanted to establish such resistant people. Efforts to handle this problem are hampered by the huge immune variety characterizing tumor microenvironments that stay largely understudied. It’s thus necessary to extra clearly elucidate the complicated interactions that happen between the tumor microenvironment and host immune system.
The Position of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in Regulation of Macrophages/Microglial Cells in Retinal Immunobiology
The ocular tissue microenvironment is immune privileged and makes use of a number of mechanisms of immunosuppression to stop the induction of irritation. Apart from being a blood-barrier and supply of photoreceptor vitamins, the retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) regulate the exercise of immune cells inside the retina. These mechanisms contain the expression of immunomodulating molecules that make macrophages and microglial cells suppress irritation and promote immune tolerance.
The RPE have an necessary position in ocular immune privilege to control the habits of immune cells inside the retina. Reviewed is the present understanding of how RPE mediate this regulation and the adjustments seen underneath pathological situations.
The therapeutic and prognostic implications of immunobiology in colorectal most cancers: a evaluate
Colorectal most cancers represents the second main explanation for cancer-related demise worldwide. The therapeutic subject of immuno-oncology has quickly gained momentum, with strikingly promising outcomes noticed in medical apply. Rising emphasis has been positioned on the position of the immune response in tumorigenesis, remedy and predicting prognosis. Enhanced understanding of the dynamic and complicated tumour-immune microenvironment has enabled the event of molecularly directed, individualised therapy.
- Evaluation of intra-tumoural lymphocyte infiltration and the dichotomisation of colorectal most cancers into microsatellite secure and unstable illness has necessary therapeutic and prognostic implications, with potential to capitalise additional on this knowledge.
- This evaluate discusses the most recent proof surrounding the tumour biology and immune panorama of colorectal most cancers, novel immunotherapies and the interplay of the immune system with every apex of the tripartite of most cancers administration (oncotherapeutics, radiotherapy and surgical procedure).
- By utilising the synergy of chemotherapeutic brokers and immunotherapies, and figuring out prognostic and predictive immunological biomarkers, we could enter an period of unprecedented illness management, survivorship and treatment charges.
Present Views on B Lymphocytes within the Immunobiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Immune cells infiltrating tumors are able to considerably impacting carcinogenesis via most cancers promotion and anticancer responses. There are a lot of facets of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated T lymphocytes which are present process intensive research, whereas the impact exerted by B lymphocytes stays a much less researched space.
On this research, the most recent analysis on the impact of B lymphocytes as they infiltrate tumors in relation to HCC is introduced. Their prognosis-related significance is analyzed, together with their operate within the tumor microenvironment (TME), in addition to the way in which that B cell biology may be employed to assist create a B cell remedy technique for HCC.
The glycoprotein CD58, also called lymphocyte-function antigen 3 (LFA-3), is a costimulatory receptor distributed on a broad vary of human tissue cells. Its pure ligand CD2 is primarily expressed on the surface of T/NK cells. The CD2-CD58 interplay is a crucial element of the immunological synapse (IS) that induces activation and proliferation of T/NK cells and triggers a collection of intracellular signaling in T/NK cells and goal cells, respectively, along with selling cell adhesion and recognition.
Moreover, a soluble type of CD58 (sCD58) can be current in mobile supernatant in vitro and in native tissues in vivo. The sCD58 is concerned in T/NK cell-mediated immune responses as an immunosuppressive issue by affecting CD2-CD58 interplay. Altered accumulation of sCD58 could result in immunosuppression of T/NK cells within the tumor microenvironment, permitting sCD58 as a novel immunotherapeutic goal.
Just lately, the essential roles of costimulatory molecule CD58 in immunomodulation appear to be reattracting the pursuits of investigators. Specifically, the CD2-CD58 interplay is concerned within the regulation of antiviral responses, inflammatory responses in autoimmune illnesses, immune rejection of transplantation, and immune evasion of tumor cells. On this evaluate, we offer a complete abstract of CD58 immunobiology.
) Tetrahydrofuran (THF) |
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| TC8900 | Bio Basic | 1L | EUR 103.85 |
) Magnesium acetate - Tetrahydrate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE190 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 98.4 |
 - 3 pack of 1.5mL ampules - 1.5ML) Tetrahydrofuran Mix (THF) - 3 pack of 1.5mL ampules - 1.5ML |
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| ECS-B-047 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1.5ML | EUR 121.5 |
 Casein, for Molecular Biology |
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| MB279-100G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 110.77 |
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Description: Casein, for Molecular Biology |
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Casein, for Molecular Biology |
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| MB279-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 387.65 |
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Description: Casein, for Molecular Biology |
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 Tetrahydrofuran |
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| 33112-75 | NACALAI TESQUE | 500ML | EUR 11.69 |
Tetrahydrofuran |
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| 33113-36 | NACALAI TESQUE | 100ML | EUR 9.1 |
Tetrahydrofuran |
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| 33113-65 | NACALAI TESQUE | 500ML | EUR 13.09 |
Tetrahydrofuran |
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| 33116-35 | NACALAI TESQUE | 500ML | EUR 29.05 |
Tetrahydrofuran |
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| 33125-31 | NACALAI TESQUE | 1L | EUR 44.1 |
Tetrahydrofuran |
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| 33139-45 | NACALAI TESQUE | 500ML | EUR 63 |
Tetrahydrofuran |
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| GK1522-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 39.4 |
Tetrahydrofuran |
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| GK1522-1L | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 l | EUR 84 |
Tetrahydrofuran |
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| GK1522-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 71.1 |
Tetrahydrofuran |
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| GK1522-2500ML | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 ml | EUR 122.4 |
Tetrahydrofuran |
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| GK1522-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 23.8 |
Tetrahydrofuran |
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| T293518 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 1l | EUR 57 |
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Description: 109-99-9 |
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 Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 58 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 106.8 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 33.1 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | EUR 76.8 |
 Tetrahydrofuran 99% |
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| T04810 | Pfaltz & Bauer | 1L | EUR 238.6 |
) NADPH - Tetrasodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE202 | GeneOn | 25 mg | EUR 70.8 |
NADPH - Tetrasodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE203 | GeneOn | 100 mg | EUR 126 |
NADPH - Tetrasodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE204 | GeneOn | 500 mg | EUR 374.4 |
 Tetrahydrofuran - 1ML |
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| S-3460 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1ML | EUR 51.3 |
 Tetrahydrofuran, 99.9%, for analysis, unstabilised |
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| GK0126-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 83.1 |
Tetrahydrofuran, 99.9%, for analysis, unstabilised |
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| GK0126-1L | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 l | EUR 136.8 |
Tetrahydrofuran, 99.9%, for analysis, unstabilised |
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| GK0126-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 174 |
Tetrahydrofuran, 99.9%, for analysis, unstabilised |
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| GK0126-2500ML | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 ml | EUR 246 |
 Tetrahydrofuran-d8 |
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| T293512 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 1g | EUR 230 |
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Description: 1693-74-9 |
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 Tetrahydrofuran-2,2,5,5-d4 |
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| T293519 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 10mg | EUR 64 |
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Description: 20665-63-8 |
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 2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology |
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| MB041-100ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 9.02 |
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Description: 2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology |
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2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology |
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| MB041-500ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 26.47 |
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Description: 2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology |
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 Tetrahydrofuran-d8 - 1ML |
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| S-3461 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1ML | EUR 94.5 |
 Tetrahydrofuran 〈H2O<50ppm〉 |
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| 04113-81 | NACALAI TESQUE | 1L | EUR 64.4 |
Tetrahydrofuran 〈H2O<50ppm〉 |
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| 04113-94 | NACALAI TESQUE | 100ML | EUR 14.7 |
 2-Methyl Tetrahydrofuran |
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| 24707-100 | Polysciences Europe GmbH | 100g | EUR 55 |
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Description: 96-47-9 |
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 Sodium chloride, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE0307-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 45.2 |
 Tetrahydrofuran, GlenUltra™, analytical grade, for LC |
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| GS2560-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 176.2 |
Tetrahydrofuran, GlenUltra™, analytical grade, for LC |
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| GS2560-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 294 |
 Sucrose, GlenBiol, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GC3201-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 90 |
 Molecular Biology Grade Water for RT-PCR |
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| ML065-1.5ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 7.82 |
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Description: Molecular Biology Grade Water for RT-PCR |
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 VOC Tetrahydrofuran Neat - 10MG |
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| REVOC176N | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 10MG | EUR 52.73 |
tetrahydrofuran) 3-(Chloromethyl)tetrahydrofuran |
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| B423875 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 500mg | EUR 800 |
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Description: 89181-22-6 |
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 Pyridine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology with molecular sieve |
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| GS8780-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 249.8 |
) DTT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE131 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 93.6 |
DTT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE132 | GeneOn | 10 g | EUR 133.2 |
DTT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE133 | GeneOn | 25 g | EUR 243.6 |
) NAD (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE196 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 72 |
NAD (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE197 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 165.6 |
) NBT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE209 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 123.6 |
NBT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE210 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 360 |
 Artemether Tetrahydrofuran Acetate |
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| A777415 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 250mg | EUR 244 |
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Description: 181528-64-3 |
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 Sucrose, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GC3201-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 45.1 |
 Tetrahydrofuran-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid |
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| T293525 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 1g | EUR 167 |
 DMSO, Molecular Biology Grade |
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| 40470006-1 | Glycomatrix | 100 mL | EUR 88.18 |
DMSO, Molecular Biology Grade |
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| 40470006-2 | Glycomatrix | 250 mL | EUR 150.19 |
DMSO, Molecular Biology Grade |
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| 40470006-3 | Glycomatrix | 500 mL | EUR 279.26 |
 EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade |
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| 40500028-2 | Glycomatrix | 50 g | EUR 106.43 |
EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade |
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| 40500028-3 | Glycomatrix | 100 g | EUR 177.58 |
EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade |
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| 40500028-4 | Glycomatrix | 500 g | EUR 603.19 |
EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade |
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| 40500028-5 | Glycomatrix | 1 kg | EUR 912.98 |
EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade |
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| 40500028-6 | Glycomatrix | 2 kg | EUR 1687.94 |
) BCIP (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE108 | GeneOn | 250 mg | EUR 75.6 |
BCIP (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE109 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 108 |
) DAPI (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE117 | GeneOn | 5 mg | EUR 72 |
DAPI (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE118 | GeneOn | 25 mg | EUR 159.6 |
DAPI (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE119 | GeneOn | 100 mg | EUR 382.8 |
) Tris (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE237 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 106.8 |