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Immunobiology and nanotherapeutics of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a current update
The emergence of extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes probably the most important world public well being problem in a century. It has reignited analysis curiosity in coronavirus. Whereas little info is obtainable, analysis is at the moment in progress to comprehensively perceive the final biology and immune response mechanism in opposition to SARS-CoV-2.
The spike proteins (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2 carry out an important operate in viral an infection institution. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 play a pivotal position in viral entry. Upon viral entry, the launched pro-inflammatory proteins (cytokines and chemokines) trigger the migration of the T cells, monocytes, and macrophages to the an infection website.
IFNϒ launched by T cells initiates a loop of pro-inflammatory suggestions. The inflammatory state could additional improve with a rise in immune dysfunction liable for the an infection’s development. A remedy strategy that forestalls ACE2-mediated viral entry and reduces inflammatory response is a vital therapeutic intervention technique, and nanomaterials and their conjugates are promising candidates.
Nanoparticles can inhibit viral entry and replication. Nanomaterials have additionally discovered software in focused drug supply and likewise in creating a vaccine in opposition to SARS-CoV-2. Right here, we briefly summarize the origin, transmission, and medical options of SARS-CoV-2.
We then mentioned the immune response mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Lastly, we additional mentioned nanotechnology’s potentials as an intervention technique in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 an infection. All these understandings shall be essential in creating therapeutic methods in opposition to SARS-CoV-2.
PD-1 immunobiology in glomerulonephritis and renal cell carcinoma
Background: Programmed cell loss of life protein (PD)-1 receptors and ligands on immune cells and kidney parenchymal cells assist keep immunological homeostasis within the kidney. Dysregulated PD-1:PD-L1 binding interactions happen throughout the pathogenesis of glomerulopathies and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The regulation of those molecules within the kidney is essential to PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies that deal with RCC and should induce glomerulopathies as an antagonistic occasion.
Strategies: The expression and performance of PD-1 molecules on immune and kidney parenchymal cells had been reviewed within the wholesome kidney, PD-1 immunotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity, glomerulopathies and RCC.
Outcomes: PD-1 and/or its ligands are expressed on kidney macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Vitamin D3, glutathione and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulate hypoxic cell alerts concerned within the expression and performance of PD-1 molecules.
These pathways are altered in kidney illness and are linked to the manufacturing of vascular endothelial progress issue, erythropoietin, adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-18, IL-23, and chemokines that bind CXCR3, CXCR4, and/or CXCR7. These components are differentially produced in glomerulonephritis and RCC and could also be essential biomarkers in sufferers that obtain PD-1 therapies and/or develop glomerulonephritis as an antagonistic occasion
CONCLUSION: By evaluating the features of the PD-1 axis in glomerulopathies and RCC, we recognized related chemokines concerned within the recruitment of immune cells and distinct mediators in T cell differentiation. The expression and performance of PD-1 and PD-1 ligands in diseased tissue and significantly on double-negative T cells and parenchymal kidney cells wants continued exploration. The potential regulation of the PD-1 axis by vitamin D3, glutathione and/or AMPK cell alerts could also be essential to kidney illness and the PD-1 immunotherapeutic response.
Key phrases: 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); Glutathione; Vitamin D3.
Modular Approaches to Perceive the Immunobiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Latency
Regardless of advances in slowing the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), there is no such thing as a viable remedy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The problem towards a remedy is especially the formation and upkeep of a latent reservoir of cells that harbor the virus in each replication-competent and replication-defective states.
- This small area of interest of quiescent cells has been recognized to reside primarily in quiescent and reminiscence CD4+ T cells, however parameters that might reliably distinguish an contaminated T cell from an uninfected one, if any, are usually not clear. As well as, the migratory properties and particular anatomical reservoirs of latent T cells are tough to measure at a excessive decision in people.
- A useful remedy of HIV would require concentrating on this inhabitants utilizing progressive new medical methods. One constraint towards the empirical improvement of such approaches is the absence of a local small animal mannequin for AIDS. Since HIV doesn’t effectively infect murine cells, probing molecular-genetic questions involving latently contaminated T cells homing to deep tissue websites, interacting with stroma and persisting by way of totally different remedy regimens, is difficult.
- The objective of this text is to debate how inspecting the dynamics of T cells in mouse fashions can present a framework for successfully finding out these questions, even with out infecting mice with HIV. The inflammatory and cytokine milieu present in early human HIV infections are being more and more understood on account of medical measurements.
- Mouse research that recreate this milieu can doubtlessly be used to subsequently map the destiny of T cells activated on this context in addition to their migratory routes. In essence, such a framework may permit complementary research in mice to reinforce our understanding of points of the biology of HIV latency. This may be the idea of a modular strategy to small animal HIV modeling, amenable to preclinical healing technique improvement.
-Sucrose (Molecular Biology Grade)) D(+)-Sucrose (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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| CE226 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 184 |
 Casein, for Molecular Biology |
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| MB279-100G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 110.77 |
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Description: Casein, for Molecular Biology |
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Casein, for Molecular Biology |
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| MB279-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 387.65 |
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Description: Casein, for Molecular Biology |
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 Urea for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 21113 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 Gms | EUR 6.5 |
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 Xylene for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 45122 | Sisco Laboratories | 250 ml | EUR 2.81 |
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 Acetone for molecular biology, 99.8% |
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| 27498 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 3.76 |
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 Glycine for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 64072 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 1.64 |
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 Methanol for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 96446 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 6.23 |
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 Carbinol for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 34883 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 6.23 |
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 Formamide for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 30349 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 5.82 |
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 Imidazole for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 61510 | Sisco Laboratories | 25 Gms | EUR 5.47 |
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 Chloroform for molecular biology, 99.8% |
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| 96764 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 ml | EUR 3.08 |
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 Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500g | EUR 53.1 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 58 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 106.8 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 33.1 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE1210-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | EUR 76.8 |
 Triethylamine for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 55221 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 4.11 |
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 Ficoll 400® for molecular biology |
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| 45460 | Sisco Laboratories | 5 Gms | EUR 15.6 |
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 Agarose UltraPhor for molecular biology |
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| 27813 | Sisco Laboratories | 10 Gms | EUR 46.5 |
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 Boric Acid for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 22311 | Sisco Laboratories | 250 Gms | EUR 4.04 |
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 2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology |
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| MB041-100ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 9.02 |
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Description: 2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology |
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2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology |
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| MB041-500ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 26.47 |
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Description: 2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology |
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 ACES Buffer for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 27907 | Sisco Laboratories | 5 Gms | EUR 5.4 |
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Description: Part B |
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 Vitamin B12 for molecular biology, 97% |
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| 77472 | Sisco Laboratories | 250 Mg | EUR 5.78 |
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Description: Part B |
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 Triton X-100 for molecular biology |
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| 64518 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 ml | EUR 6.02 |
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 MOPS Buffer for molecular biology, 99% |
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| 66043 | Sisco Laboratories | 25 Gms | EUR 10.28 |
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 HEPES Buffer for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 16826 | Sisco Laboratories | 25 Gms | EUR 6.3 |
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 Sodium Azide for molecular biology, 99% |
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| 17782 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 5.47 |
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 CHAPS Buffer for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 21420 | Sisco Laboratories | 1 Gms | EUR 10.73 |
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 Agarose Low EEO for molecular biology |
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| 36601 | Sisco Laboratories | 10 Gms | EUR 5.1 |
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 PIPES Buffer for molecular biology, 99% |
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| 49159 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 26.03 |
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 10X MOPS Buffer for molecular biology |
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| 68078 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 ml | EUR 4.5 |
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 Jasmonic Acid for molecular biology, 95% |
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| 79238 | Sisco Laboratories | 25 Mg | EUR 120.9 |
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Description: Part B |
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 Agarose High EEO for molecular biology |
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| 60645 | Sisco Laboratories | 25 Gms | EUR 13.8 |
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 Protamine Sulfate for molecular biology, 90-110% |
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| 78349 | Sisco Laboratories | 1 Gms | EUR 22.5 |
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 Oil Red O for molecular biology, 75% |
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| 23576 | Sisco Laboratories | 25 Gms | EUR 5.33 |
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 Agarose Medium EEO for molecular biology |
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| 10423 | Sisco Laboratories | 10 Gms | EUR 6.75 |
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 for molecular biology, 99.8%) Isopropanol (IPA) for molecular biology, 99.8% |
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| 38445 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 ml | EUR 1.71 |
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 Sodium Chloride for molecular biology, 99.9% |
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| 33205 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 Gms | EUR 4.52 |
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 Ethidium Bromide for molecular biology, 95% |
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| 93079 | Sisco Laboratories | 1 Gms | EUR 4.58 |
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 Ammonium Acetate for molecular biology, 98% |
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| 37829 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 2.12 |
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 for molecular biology, 99.9%) Acetonitrile (ACN) for molecular biology, 99.9% |
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| 62006 | Sisco Laboratories | 250 ml | EUR 4.93 |
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 Agarose Low Melting for molecular biology |
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| 32417 | Sisco Laboratories | 5 Gms | EUR 22.5 |
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 Ammonium Chloride for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 16992 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 Gms | EUR 4.52 |
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 Ammonium Sulphate for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 82126 | Sisco Laboratories | 250 Gms | EUR 4.93 |
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 Potassium Acetate for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 96248 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 2.74 |
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 Phenol Crystalline for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 17286 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 3.15 |
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 Sodium Bicarbonate for molecular biology, 99.7% |
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| 36328 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 Gms | EUR 5.47 |
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Description: Part A |
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 for molecular biology, 99.5%) Glycerol (Glycerine) for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 62417 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 ml | EUR 2.05 |
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 Potassium Chloride for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 84984 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 Gms | EUR 6.16 |
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 for molecular biology, 99.8%) Tetrahydrofuran (THF) for molecular biology, 99.8% |
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| 92562 | Sisco Laboratories | 250 ml | EUR 3.28 |
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 Acriflavine Neutral for molecular biology, 98% |
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| 42428 | Sisco Laboratories | 5 Gms | EUR 3.15 |
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Description: Part B |
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 for molecular biology, 99.9%) Dichloromethane (DCM) for molecular biology, 99.9% |
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| 41512 | Sisco Laboratories | 250 ml | EUR 3.22 |
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Description: Part A |
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 2-Mercaptoethanol for molecular biology, 99% |
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| 83759 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 ml | EUR 5.27 |
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 for molecular biology, 99%) Dithioerythritol (DTE) for molecular biology, 99% |
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| 53384 | Sisco Laboratories | 1 Gms | EUR 9.53 |
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 Sodium chloride, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE0307 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1kg | EUR 41.33 |
Sodium chloride, suitable for molecular biology |
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| GE0307-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 45.2 |
 L-Ascorbic Acid for molecular biology, 99.7% |
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| 14116 | Sisco Laboratories | 25 Gms | EUR 1.64 |
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Description: Part A |
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 for molecular biology, 98%) meta-Topolin (mT) for molecular biology, 98% |
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| 68913 | Sisco Laboratories | 25 Mg | EUR 17.48 |
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Description: Part B |
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 HEPES Sodium Salt for molecular biology, 99% |
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| 32225 | Sisco Laboratories | 25 Gms | EUR 11.85 |
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 Glycogen ex. Oyster for molecular biology, 85% |
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| 49740 | Sisco Laboratories | 1 Gms | EUR 7.5 |
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Description: Part B |
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 for molecular biology, 95%) Propidium Iodide (PI) for molecular biology, 95% |
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| 11195 | Sisco Laboratories | 10 Mg | EUR 17.63 |
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Description: Part B |
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 D-Sorbitol Powder for molecular biology, 98% |
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| 99103 | Sisco Laboratories | 500 Gms | EUR 10.33 |
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Description: Part A |
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 Brilliant Blue R-250 for molecular biology |
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| 93473 | Sisco Laboratories | 5 Gms | EUR 4.35 |
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Description: Part B |
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 Acetic Acid Glacial for molecular biology, 99.9% |
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| 59788 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 ml | EUR 3.56 |
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Description: Part A |
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 Acrylamide 3x cryst. for molecular biology, 99.9% |
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| 61346 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 5.47 |
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Description: Part A |
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 Brilliant Blue G-250 for molecular biology |
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| 64222 | Sisco Laboratories | 5 Gms | EUR 4.65 |
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Description: Part B |
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 Acriflavine Hydrochloride for molecular biology, 98.5%-105% |
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| 35188 | Sisco Laboratories | 5 Gms | EUR 4.05 |
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Description: Part B |
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 Tris Buffer Superior for molecular biology, 99.9% |
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| 37969 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 7.59 |
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Description: Part A |
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 for molecular biology) Polysorbate 20 (Tween 20) for molecular biology |
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| 65296 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 10.81 |
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Description: Part A |
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 Molecular Biology Grade Water for RT-PCR |
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| ML065-1.5ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 7.82 |
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Description: Molecular Biology Grade Water for RT-PCR |
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 10X TE Buffer pH-8.0 for molecular biology |
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| 51782 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 ml | EUR 9.45 |
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Description: Part B |
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 Tris Buffer AR, ACS for molecular biology, 99.9% |
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| 71033 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 6.02 |
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Description: Part A |
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 10X TAE Buffer pH-8.3 for molecular biology |
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| 71989 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 ml | EUR 4.43 |
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Description: Part B |
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 10X TBE Buffer pH-8.3 for molecular biology |
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| 83170 | Sisco Laboratories | 200 ml | EUR 4.95 |
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Description: Part B |
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 MES Monohydrate Buffer for molecular biology, 99% |
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| 26854 | Sisco Laboratories | 25 Gms | EUR 11.03 |
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Description: Part B |
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 Acrylamide 40% aq. solution for molecular biology |
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| 29787 | Sisco Laboratories | 250 ml | EUR 20.53 |
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Description: Part A |
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 for molecular biology, 98%) DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT) for molecular biology, 98% |
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| 17315 | Sisco Laboratories | 1 Gms | EUR 5.18 |
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Description: Part B |
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 for molecular biology, 99.5%) Glutathione Reduced (GSH) for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 11514 | Sisco Laboratories | 1 Gms | EUR 5.55 |
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Description: Part B |
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 for molecular biology, 99.8%) Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO) for molecular biology, 99.8% |
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| 24075 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 ml | EUR 6.02 |
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Description: Part A |
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 Sodium Acetate Anhydrous for molecular biology, 99% |
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| 22342 | Sisco Laboratories | 250 Gms | EUR 3.56 |
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Description: Part A |
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 for molecular biology, 99.9%) Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) for molecular biology, 99.9% |
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| 40801 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 ml | EUR 22.92 |
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Description: Part A |
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 for molecular biology, 99%) Ammonium Persulphate (APS) for molecular biology, 99% |
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| 65553 | Sisco Laboratories | 25 Gms | EUR 1.64 |
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Description: Part A |
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 for molecular biology, 99.5%) Glutathione Oxidized (GSSG) for molecular biology, 99.5% |
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| 22151 | Sisco Laboratories | 250 Mg | EUR 22.5 |
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Description: Part B |
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 for molecular biology, 99%) Guanidine Thiocyanate (GTC) for molecular biology, 99% |
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| 80272 | Sisco Laboratories | 100 Gms | EUR 5.47 |
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Description: Part A |
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